A wide variety of animal life can be found in Alaska. From the polar bear to the otter to the bowhead whale, Alaska is teeming with unique life in the animal kingdom. However, some of the wildlife in this Northern land is in danger. Environmental and human threats are providing for a grave outlook on the future of this once lush and fascinating world. This article will explore some of the endangered animals of Alaska as well as some of the causes of the threats to their lives.

Brown bears once inhabited the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska in large numbers. However, due to a decline in their quality of habitat the brown bear is on the list of endangered animals. The Kenai Peninsula is being developed by for residential, commercial and recreational uses and thus is reducing the chances of survival for the brown bear of Alaska. Human development is pushing this sublime creature from its home and leaving it no options for survival as they take over. It was once thought that Alaska would always be a sanctuary for these animals but it seems no place is to far for the destructive reach of humanity.

The American Peregrine Falcon is one of the top predators in the food chain as they feed on other, smaller birds. The technique in which they hunt is impressive as they swoop in at high speeds and at extreme angles. They are powerful predators in Alaska. However, they have been less abundant not only in Alaska but in every location they inhabit from Mexico to Alaska due to pesticide ingestion. The most commonly known pesticide is DDT and though efforts have been made to decrease and hopefully eliminate the use of DDT the American Peregrine Falcon is decorating the skyline of Alaska much less.

The Bowhead Whale has made it to both the Alaska endangered species list and the Federal endangered species list. Bowhead whales only live in and around Arctic waters. However, due to commercial whaling the Bowhead whale in around the waters of Alaska is a rare sight. The Bowhead whale was declared an endangered species in 1973 and since commercial whaling has ceased. However, the numbers are not yet reassuring.

Sea otters, who reside in the coastal waters of Alaska, were near extinction in the 18th and 19th century due to hunting. They made a valiant recovery only to be put back on both the Federal and Alaska list of endangered species in the 1990’s. However, there is some dispute as to how threatened they are, as they seem to be thriving in the Southeast areas of Alaska.

The Stellar Sea Lion is listed as an Alaska species of special concern and a Federal threatened species. Stellar sea lions are a large seal. The cause of the decline of stellar sea lions is unknown though there has been talk of disease, environmental circumstances and more.

It is plain to see that Alaska as it once was is disappearing due to the destructive touch of humanity. There have been several organization put in place to aid in the restoration of species such as mentioned in this article, but the question is if it is enough to stop the disappearance of this world before it is too late.

For more information on Alaska, visit http://www.alaskamicroblog.com and http://www.usamicroblog.org.

memorabilia and images have appeared throughout the years on a variety of products, which have become collectible antiques and collectibles. Collectors who begin a collection of Coca Cola memorabilia do not necessary focus on one particular item, but instead will general add anything that has the logo of Coca Cola to their collection.

The polar bear ones are definitely the best – but are they eco friendly

Collectors enjoy collecting true Coca Cola memorabilia, especially older ones that can be hard to find. A true Coca Cola antique has been manufactured for the Coca-Cola Company and have been licensed to be manufactured as well. Collectors will have collections contain this fabulous memorabilia that will contain bottles from Coca Cola to signs around the world from Coca Cola to polar bears from Coca Cola. Collectors can easily target fakes and reproductions that do not have the registered trademark and with the popularity and incredible volume of these collectibles.

In the history of American manufacturing Coca Cola is a well known advertised products and the possibilities of collecting these products are limitless. The formula for Coke was developed in 1886 by a pharmacist and for over a hundred years this world renown product has been advertised in massive amounts. One of the most popular advertisement campaigns from Coke was their Santa Claus campaign, who projected a more wholesome image. The early advertisement prints feature individuals enjoying Coca Cola and collectors all over the world have sought after these early prints, which originated in 1931.

Another huge collectible product is authentic Coca Cola trays, which have almost fifty different versions being manufactured. The older trays are the most valuable and show a Victorian lady enjoying a Coke. It is not to hard locating these trays, but locating them being in a rust free condition can be quite difficult due to individuals have used them in the past and wet glasses have caused them to rust. Trays that are mint condition are extremely unusual and can cost the collector a pretty plenty, but it is well worth noting that common trays from the 1950s and even later have substantially fallen in price.

During the late 1970s, there were reproductions of some of the most popular early trays reproduced by Coke, which are marked as reproductions on the back of the trays. Then again in the 1980s in honor of their 100th anniversary they also produced reproductions. Of course these are popular, but they are considerably less valuable than some of the originally produced trays.

Collectors also enjoy collecting Cola Colas famous bottles, with the early ones having the greatest value. These bottles are hand blown and are mismatched as to color, form, and even size. Earlier bottles were made with a rubber seal and the cap with a wire, but the taste was affected by the rubber so this type of top did not last long. The Coca Cola bottle shape that everyone all over the world recognizes was officially adopted in 1916. These bottles have become valued Coca Cola memorabilia no matter their age, and especially those that commemorate special events. When the introduction of aluminum cans came in the 1960s, commemorative and vintage cans also became collectibles but normally if they were unopened cans.

There are many wonders of historic interest and scenic beauty dotted in this boundless expanse of the Chinese territory. They are rich stuffs for travelers. Here we select the 10 must-see wonders of China:

1. The Forbidden City: This magnificent, palatial architectural complex covers an area of over 2,350,000 square feet and contains 9,999 rooms. It is the largest and the best preserved Imperial Palace in the world.

2. The Great Wall:  The Great Wall of China, enlisted in the World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987, is a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization and a world-renowned fortification. As the Chinese says going, he who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.

3. The Terracotta Warriors: The incredible life-size Terracotta Warriors buried with Qin Shi Huang tomb are the symbol of ancient capital Xian. In 1987, this archeological treasure was added to UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List.

4. Potala Palace: With its majestic splendor, the Potala Palace would impress the inhabitants of any world capital. It is hard to believe that this 13-storey edifice containing 999 rooms was built on a steep mountain as long ago as the seventh century. Touring it just like a huge labyrinth.

5. Lijiang Old Town: Tile-roofed houses are arranged closely side by side within the brace of green mounts, where the common people residences, simple in shape and elegant in decoration, draw wide attention as a crystallization of the Naxi culture and techniques.

6. Mt. Huang: Mt. Huang is celebrated for having all the features of mountain scenery and known as the No. 1 Mountain under heaven. Its unique scenery of jagged peaks and twisted pines are often depicted in traditional Chinese paintings.

7. Mogao Grottos: Located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, The Mogao Grottoes is the largest, oldest and the best preserved Buddhist grottoes with the richest contents in the world today. Visiting the Mogao Grottoes, many visitors find themselves deeply touched by the immortal works of art.

8. The Yangtze River and the Three Gorges Dam: The Yangtze River Three Gorges are unparalleled among China natural highlights. The gorges of this famous river climb thousands of feet on both sides, and it is truly breathtaking to witness. The dam is the world largest as well as the world biggest hydroelectric power station.

9. Li River:  The amazing landscapes of Li River make you feel as though you have stepped into a living traditional Chinese painting. Along the Li River, visitors are inspired by the picturesque mountains, peaceful green fields, crystal-clear water, lush bamboos and villages with water buffaloes.

10. Giant Pandas: If you want to have a very close look at the plump and lovely giant pandas, you should better go to the Giant Panda Breeding and Research Base in Chengdu. Here you will view giant pandas eating, sleeping or playing which bring you great pleasure and delights.

As an inconvenient truth, global warming is affecting our world. But who can physically feel the effects of global warming on a daily basis? Sure, this summer may have been a couple degrees hotter than the last summer, but do the majority of humans really notice this difference?

The human species is undeniably at fault for global warming but we are not necessarily the ones who have to cope with its effects. One of the regions most drastically affected by global warming is the Arctic Circle. And who lives there? Polar bears.

Studies have shown that over the last 20 years, polar bear populations have dropped nearly 25 percent. Not only have they dropped in numbers, scientists have also noticed that they have dropped significantly in size. Polar bears use their body fat to stay alive in cold weather and to float longer in stormy seas. Without excessive body fat, it is much more difficult for them to survive.

Four polar bears were recently discovered off the coast of Alaska after they apparently drowned during a violent storm. Scientists are beginning to recognize that the melting of the polar ice caps frequently leaves polar bears stranded on islands and ice burgs.

Polar bears can swim up to 100 miles to get back to the mainland, but it is becoming increasingly difficult for them to do this. They have to swim longer distances more often which consequently causes them to lose valuable body fat. Also, if the ice caps recede any more than 100 miles from where the polar bears are stranded, they will not be able to eat until the following winter.

Even if an individual polar bear is not in trouble, the fate of their species is in dire danger. Polar bears are simply struggling to survive in the current state of our planet, and if nothing changes they will become extinct.

Who knows? We could be next.

India is the major attraction for the wild life tourism. There was the time when the population of tiger was diminishing day by day. So in order to protest Tigers and wildlife, different tiger reserves were made to prevent the left species of Tiger.

Now it’s the time when India holds over half the world’s tiger population known as Bengal/ Royal Bengal Tigers. A wildlife tour in India can really be interesting and full of adventure. Along with the wildlife you can enjoy the magic of Himalayas. There are around 96 National Parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries in India.

Famous Tiger reserves in India

Ranthambhore National Park – Ranthambhore National Park is an outstanding example of Project Tiger. Ranthambhore offers an intense diversity of Flora and Fauna. Here we have around 270 birds, 12 reptiles and 30 mammals.

Bandhavgarh National Park – Bandhavgarh is the biggest Tiger Reserve in India and it also has the highest known density of tiger population in India. Here you can easily find 22 species of wildlife and over 250 species of Birds. This place is famous for white Tigers.

Kaziranga National Park –Kaziranga National Park is famous for Indian Elephants and is paradise for bird watching. It is very accessible and wildlife viewing fairly pleasurable. Best season to visit Kaziranga is November – April.

Kanha National Park – Kanha National Park has about 22 species of mammals and 200 species of bird inhabited in the Park. Best season to visit Kanha National Park is July – October. You can easily spot tigers in Kanha National Park.

Corbett National Park – Jim Corbett National Park is famous for wide variety of Tiger and Elephants. The beautiful location over there can easily make your mind towards the nature. The park has about 50 mammal and 25 reptile species over there.

While a zoo definitely has it’s place in animal watching, it doesn’t compare to seeing animals in their own natural habitat. After a recent visit to Yellowstone National Park, this felt especially true for me. A traffic jam caused by young buffalo calves and their mothers crossing the road is an experience not to be missed. It made me wonder about other places that would be conducive to viewing wildlife in a natural setting. From my research I have come up with a list of some of the best places to visit if viewing animals in nature is your objective.

In the United States, national parks are the best place to start. For viewing sea animals, the best places include the Channel Islands off the coast of California. The islands are surrounded by sea lions, seals, gray whales and humpback whales. There are also numerous tide pools that house creatures such as sea urchins and anemones. Another area great for water animals is Glacier Bay in Alaska. Humpback whales and sea lions are in abundance off shore and on land bears and moose are often times available for viewing. For a different spin on water creatures, visit the Florida Everglades, the last remaining everglades on the planet. There you will see crocodiles and alligators co-exists along with turtles, dear, manatees and bobcats. The everglades contain large viewing towers that are devoted especially to wildlife watching or you can be a bit more daring and take a canoe ride in croc-infested waters.

Other national parks that make the list for best wildlife viewing are Denali National Park in Alaska, Glacier National park in Montana, Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado and Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota. Denali, Glacier and Rocky Mountain offer animals such as dall sheep, grizzlies, caribou, wolves, mountain goats, elk, dear, bighorn sheep and marmots. Theodore Roosevelt is a less well known park and therefore offers great viewing of bison, wild horses, deer and elk without all the crowds.

Outside of the US, there are more exotic animals available for viewing at places such as Corcovado National Park in Costa Rica, the Komodo Islands in Indonesia, Tanjung Puting National Park in Borneo, Polar Bear Observation in Canada, and of course a Kenyan Safari.

The Corcovado National Park in Costa Rica is a brilliant rain forest that contains over 100,000 acres of land and 5,000 acres of marine habitat. The park is home to 116 species of amphibians and reptiles, 139 species of mammals and more than 400 species of birds. There are no roads into the park, only hiking trails. Unless you are an avid hiker and have excellent map-reading skills, a guide is recommended. In addition to the trails, there are also viewing platforms built atop massive ajo trees.

The Komodo Islands in Indonesia house the world’s largest population of Komodo dragons. These animals can grow to be over 300 pounds and up to nine feet in length. These islands are now an Indonesian national park and permits and tour guides are required, but they make the experience much more user-friendly (Komodo dragons aren’t in petting zoos for a reason). In addition to land tours, you can also take a sea kayak around the park and see coral reefs, fish, dolphins, whales and sea turtles.

Tanjung Puting National Park in Borneo is one of the last places to see orangutans in their own natural habitat. Through an elaborate network of hiking trails, you can see the orangutans up close, swinging from branch to branch, suckling their young, or building nests to sleep. There are also orangutans in captivity which can be viewed. They are being rehabilitated before being returned to the wild. There are other jungle species as well that can be viewed in the orangutan jungle, including clouded leopards, civets, Malaysian sun bears, deer, numerous species of birds, and butterflies.

Nowhere can you see polar bears so up-close and personal as you can in Churchill, Manitoba. When Hudson Bay freezes, between October and November, this town is overrun with polar bears as they travel their migration path. In early winter, they even stop to dine on the region’s seal population. For more up close views, you can take a tundra buggy (a converted school bus) into the migratory packs for a quick day-trip. For longer exposure, there are tundra lodges that provide all day exposure to the bears in their native environment.

One of the most famous places to view wildlife is Kenya, and what better way to see it than on a safari. Safari’s can take you through the likes of Masai Mara National Park, Amboseli Game Reserve and Mt. Kilimanjaro to view lions, leopards, cheetahs, wildebeests, zebras, flamingos, black rhinos, giraffes and elephants. Safari’s range from less expensive options starting around $500.00 for an 8 day excursion to very luxurious safaris costing up to $9,000. Either way, you get to see what you like most…animals.

Asian elephants are sometimes known as Indian elephants. They are one of the three living species of elephant. Asian elephants are found mostly in India, Indochina, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and Asian elephants also have smaller ears. This is one of the best ways to tell Asian elephants apart from African elephants. The height of an Asian elephant ranges from 7-12 feet and they weigh approximately 3.25 to 5.5 tons. There are other physical characteristics that separate Asian elephants from their African counterparts. They have a more arched back and also have more nails on the feet. While both male and female African elephants have tusks, female Asian elephants usually do not have these tusks. Females that do have tusks often have tusks that are small and hard to see.

Behavior of Asian Elephants

Elephants travel in migratory routes that are seasonal in nature. These routes often take the Asian elephants through wet and dry zones. The oldest member of the herd is the elephant charged with remembering where the routes lead. Asian elephants live for about 60 years when they are in the wild and 80 years when they are in zoos and other captive environments. The females live in small groups that are led by the oldest female in the group. The herd that elephants travel in consists of relative elephants. Male elephants are called bull elephants. They like to travel alone and often become involved in conflicts over female elephants during the mating season.

Domestic Use of Asian Elephants

Asian elephants have been domesticated for many purposes. In Southern and Southeast Asia, elephants have been used for forestry purposes because their tusks and large size make it easy for them to knock down small trees and brush. Asian elephants have also been used during ceremonies for many centuries. Some areas charge money to tourists to see Asian elephants in the wild, but it is difficult to do this because elephants may damage property.

Danger of Asian Elephants

Because of their size, Asian elephants are rather dangerous. They have tusks and large bodies that can be used to destroy property and cause harm to humans and other animals. Adult males are particularly aggressive because of the surge in testosterone they experience after they go through puberty. This aggression gives them the ability to cause a lot of damage in a short amount of time.

Subspecies of Asian Elephants

There are four subspecies of Asian elephants. The Indian elephant (E. m. indicus) lives in southern India, northwest India, and the foothills of the Himalayans. This subspecies has males that usually have tusks. The Sri Lankan elephant (E. m. maximus) only lives in Sri Lanka. Most of the elephants do not have tusks whether they are male or female. The Sumatran elephant (E. m. sumatrensis) lives in Sumatra. This elephant is sometimes known as the pocket elephant because of its small size. The Borneo elephant (E. m. borneensis) is the smallest subspecies and lives in north Borneo. Even though this is the smallest subspecies, it has the biggest ears.

I. Advances in Embryonic and Placental Development

1.Abstract:

Early embryonic development needs detailed investigations if we have to reduce embryonic mortality. Embryonic mortality details have been reviewed (wani, 2005). The reproductive abnormalities have been discussed and a sequential photographic presentation of embryonic mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al 2007). The critical period when maximum embryonic losses go unnoticed is the period before attachment. Losses before actual union of foeto-maternal tissues can be missed and calculations of embryonic mortality estimates remain unaccounted for. Some recent studies of (Wani 2006, Khatoon et al 2006) have paved a new innovative model for investigation on foeto-maternal development and its attachment. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, formation of cotyledons within elongated blastocyst, their ramifications and networking of vasculature and formation of foetal placental unit. Conversely, a detailed photographic evidence of uterine receptivity, formation of a multicoated immunological barrier- the beginning of foeto- maternal- barrier mechanism along with caruncle formation, uterine milk formation and finally union of cotyledous with caruncles has been photographically documented.

2.Introduction:

Second and 3rd generation animal biotechnologies as reviewed (Wani, 2005) are multiple ovulation, embryo-transfer, preservation, cloning, micromanipulation splitting of embryos and nuclear transfer. The 4th Generation reproductive technologies have advance beyond our imagination and now we do have transgenic goats giving milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007). The stem cell technology, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear micro-injection along with sperm-mediated, transgenesis have been in use and are precisely reviewed and discussed (Wani 2005, 2007).

The application of this advancement for diagnostic, therapeutic and economic uses especially its transfer to human medicine or for field application in animal industry needs further research and evaluation.

The another fact which can be of importance is the number of cells per embryos. During first day these may be two cells but after 8 days the cell number increases to 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for the oocyst after fertilization to reach the two cell embryo. Another 13 hours are needed to develop it into a four cell embryo. In another 15 hours 8 cell stages is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for a embryo to be converted into a Morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in ovine. A genematic diagram of various stages of follical maturation of oocytes development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) figure from web site is also show that the protein content after fertilization of 16 day old embryo increased by 7500 times. Morphologically the embryo size varies from spherical ovid to elongate after day 13th past coitus. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is maximum during 8-13th day old embryos. Similarly phosphorylation per unit of embryo is also ten times more in 8 day old embryos than the later stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to day 16th and the maximum metabolic weight is up to 14th day past coitus. For increased productive synthesis, aminoacid requirements are made, through production of allanic and glutonic acids by the embryos. The matobolic products get rid of amines. The signal transduction from maternal to foetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).

3. Dominant follicle dynamics

The new animal , products, medico-Veterinary packages, profitable genetic (trait) improved DNA Chips, more resistance giving gene make ups shall have a new role in future. For the next coming super advanced technology driven century, we must be prepared to use the 4th generation technologies for animal Welfare and Protective mechanisms. We thought and used Laparoscopy and ultrasonography 30 year ago (Wani et al, 1979, Wani 1981,1982), which has now become a “buzz” word and further sophisticated and modernized by my students across the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of DNA finger printing of cashmere goats in 1990’s (Khatlani et al, 1995) has now crossed the barriers of technology advancement. Today, in these pages, we shall be presenting our own results on

1. Embryonic development, formation of cotyledons, blactocyst development ramification of vascular system, net working of blood vessels to form initial placenta, their union and attachment processes. We shall describe morphological physiological, endocrinology, histochemical and receptor analysis to support our observations. This is 5th generation reproductive technology base for development of in-vitro-foeto models.

For 6th – 10th generation reproductive scientists we shall present theoretical hypothesis a vision -2050 in the form of.

2. Use of stem-cell, germ-cell and Nano- technologies for production of disease free, highly prolific reproductive gametes, their preservation and conservation. The use of these and other molecular and new-generation DNA-related bio-diagnostics shall also be discussed.

4. Uterine morphological changes:

The early pregnancy uterine morphological land marks were described only externally per rectum in bovine (Zamznis, 1976) some of its significant features have been summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). It describes easy palpable signs of early pregnancy in bovine and compares its observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some of the earliest indications of pregnancy by physical examination were:

i) Presence of corpus luteum of pregnancy early 15 day post-coitus

ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus

iii) Fluctuation around 40-49 days in cattle. Thereafter the advanced pregnancy signs like foetal membrance feel and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full foetal are known foetal membrane .

Various developments of foetal signs have been described (Wani, 1986) . The month wise morphological assessment of foetus in sheep has been reported (Mufti, 1995, Mufti et al, 1997) . Various reviews reports and books now describe events in development of foetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).

5. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

Pregnancy is an intimate association between mother and foetus. The protective covering on maternal caruncles and over wrap of foetal cotyledons with Blastocyst membranes, transformed into foetal membranes give the “Homograph” status to foetus. The mechanism of ruminant uteri has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Its more recent findings and attachments are the topic of one of our students.

We have tried to univel many obscure mechanism on blastocyst formation, plancentation and development of cotyledons. The protective mucin coverings over uterine caruncles and their union with cotyledons has been snaped.

The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical and histoanatomic feature of the gravid and non-gravid uteri.

6. Foeto-maternal interaction:

The estrogen, progesterone in foetal and maternal blood have been estimated along with estrogen progesterone receptor concentrations in the pregnancy and non pregnant states.

Endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al 1989, Wani 1996, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation of uterine cells is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in uteri called as E2 (ER) , P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demyo 2004) we have also investigated the same and are being analysed. Our studies indicate certain changes which project a new mechanism of foeto-maternal unions (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).

Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be helpful in future for invitro-foetal growth.

7. Reproductive management

The reproductive management strategies to enhance meat production could safely be divided into two kinds:

i. Traditional management: Animal are still managed under zero- input/ migratory /tribal or extensive management system. The application of above described methods will be limited. They may indirectly help in this system by better sire availability.

ii. Modern management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive, commercial goat farming system may use the above methods more and more to produce high quality germplasm. They may use variety of improved reproductive technique or reported (Wani,1996; Wani et al., 200a; Wani et al., 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981; Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988; Wani and Buchoo, 1991; Buchoo and Wani, 1991; Wani, 1989, Wani, 1995; Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).

8. Enhancement of fertility

Desired fertility objectives have been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased prolificacy, early rebreeding, safe/clean parturition, set-time animal crop, elite gene introduction are some of the desired fertility enhancement goals. The constraints in achieving desired objectives in small ruminant livestock sector are the problems of inbreeding, reproductive losses (Wani, et al., 1980; 1981; 1994), pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illicit mating, venereal diseases, nutritional and other stresses. These above referred factors reduce fertility status of our ruminants especially under transhumane migratory systems.

These constraints mentioned could overcome by adopting enhancement strategies (Wani, 2001), which include exchange of sires by tribal, Gujjar, Bakarwals and Chopans to reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through legislature or forced castrations and introduction of sires from outside the flock. The pregnancy detection methods described (Wani, 1981) and later on used extensive in J&K under farm condition (Wani et al., 1998; Wani, 1989) needs adoption as a routine in each flock for better care of offspring and dam.

9. Corpora luteal biosensitivity.

Corpus luteum growth and development is the first earliest pregnancy signal along with maternal recognition factors discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and receptivity to PGF2 alpha is now known. The ascending and descending corpora lutea are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and what resurges their sensitivity need exploration. May be in future, CL insensitivity might have direct effects on survival of the conceptus. Does conceptus make CL more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, does the gravid CL and non-gravid CL behave similarly or differently to PGF2 alpha. Many such questions vis-à-vis the ovarian morphology, uterine environment and behavioral patterns need to be studied and co-related to develop a manipulative and curative safe system. In some species CL of pregnancy is necessary till delivery, in others it is needed only till placenta develops. Its complete genesis and biostimulation and bioregulatory roles are obscure and needs further research.

10. Dominant follicle dynamics

The dominant follicle dynamics may be in focus for ovulation control. Dominant follicle or would be bride at each ovulation appears around day 7 of cycle in women. It occurs much earlier on day- 1 to 0 in ruminants (cow, sheep,goats). This time point may be the focus to try future selective interferences in ovulation control. Antagonist use during this phase has shown decreasing levels of estrogens in serum thereby indirectly hinting at dominant follicle alteration, as it is one of chief source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). Dominant follicle in its sojourn to freedom and release at ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It alone releases itself from bondages in ovary (ovulation) and rest of its competitors are hindered through the process as atretic follicles. What make this dominant follicle to attain these qualities among a vast pool of follicles needs further study. In coming 50 years one shall possibly understand and interlock a pre-determined messenger system triggering dominance in one or few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system when decoded shall offer new opportunities in controlling ovulation both for contraception (women) or augmentation (animals). New genepool of dominant follicles from dead high yielding animal ovaries would help to propagate and multiply the elite.

Over stimulatory effect during superovulation could be avoided by use of antagonists, as dominant follicles seem to evade suppression, thus follicular selection will prevent excessive stimulation and cystic follicles. Follicular fluid constituents containing occyte awaiting for biochemical signals to resume (meiosis ) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation need more exploration (Lenton et al., 1988). The specific signals triggering occyte release might help in in vitro occyte maturation success rate.

11. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

The lean meat production needs more studies on development of conceptus. The prenatal development undergoes in three stages. The early pregnancy signals, skeletal & nervous tissue growth, on priority. During mid-gestation the hind and fore-limbs develop. During late gestation muscular development along with peripheral extremities including hair develop. In order to increase lean meat production, research in needed to investigate relations between hard and soft tissues. Maternal and foetal interactions needs a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicated prospects of manipulating lean meat production (Wani, 2001, 2002 a) by bio-stimulators during late gestation, which may help, the production of muscular lambs/kids at birth, besides, increasing birth weight. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies in future are needed to reveal the exact mechanism involved in critical transition of power control from maternal to embryonic genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal the details (Schultz et al., 1990).

12. Slaughter house follicle pool

A good number of our endangered species die where climatic conditions are hard and harsh. Under temperate climatic conditions dead bodies are entrapped in snow for long. It gives a hope to revive their follicular pool. Our studies on resumption of life using follicles from slaughtered sheep and fertilizing them with epididymal ***** was an pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig 6-8). The protein content of unfertilized ovum is around 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mouse (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material needs extensive analysis to unveil vast informations in its codans and anticodans. Further ovum maturation or resumption of meiosis is initiated during birth or shortly before birth and thus the pool of follicles remains fixed at birth. Therefore, foetal ovary has to be the subject of further manipulations especially in view of its immunological insensitivity (Guraya, 1985).

13. Gamete biosafety

Bacterial counts in ***** in unprecedented numbers effect ***** fertility (Kher, and Dholokia, 1985), The contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, water and air contamination. Above all the development of resistance of known bateria and other micro-organism to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We have examined the ***** of about 40 bulls maintained at the Frozen ***** bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir for bacterial loads in ***** and tested antibiotic sensitivity (Koul, 2002).

Presence of bacteria in large numbers in semen, effects its quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The source of contamination of ***** vary from inflammatory foci and lesions on penile apparatus, contaminations on equipments, appliances, diluters, extenders, air and laboratory environment. These contamination hazards have increased with environmental pollution. Many bacteria having developed resistance to routine antibiotics used (Gupta and Maurya 1993) in ***** extenders has made inseminations more critical and vulnerable. More studies in this direction are needed to develop a bio-safe and infection free germplasm pool of frozen and fresh ***** in future.

14. Foeto-maternal interaction

The role of endometrial stromal cells during pre-implantation stage needs further research. Some studies on ultrastructure of endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to answer the questions. What is the role of immune cells and endometrial cells in building of the immunological barrier to protect the foetus. Foetal biology is abarren field of research in the world. After few initial steps by Dr. Moris Young in UK and D. Srivastava in India, only scattered information is available on the subject (Wani and Buchoo, 1990; Mufti, 1996) . Much is still to be unveiled by 2050. The placental hormone influence mammary development and milk production of the dam. Foetal membranes serve as Chief source of nutritive exchanges. The arrangement of cotyledons, caruncles, positioning of single and twin conceptus, indicate complex mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of foeto-maternal interactions and relationships emphasize proper foetal number diagnosis and corresponding materno-nutritional management strategies.

15. Nanotechnology:

In the proceeding pages we have seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. The coming generations will harvest the gains in the form of more micron-level-accurate technology being replaced with nanogram-level-invisible technology- the nanotechnology. Now even converging technologies are shaped resulting from merger of Nano- science and Nanotechnology with biomedicine, bio-sciences, biotechnology, genetic engineering and information technology.

The cognitive sciences like Neuro- sciences, computing, communication combined with nanotechnology may be so mystic and deterministic that science shows will appear as “Majic shows” . This new technology wave” may define our spiritualistic wavelengths. Many unsolved or resolved facts on birth and genetic make up shall send such messages as was known of Sagic saints, peers and Fakirs.

The birth of a technology needs patience of public and policy makers. In the past “Michael Farady” – the inventor of electric generator, was asked by the then Chancellor of Exchequer, as to what use is the electricity you are generating. He argues but no argument convinced the accountant. Finally, he promised him that the day will come when you can tax it. Today a remote destination on this earth demands 24 hr electricity. They never argue its price, but its availability as savoir to life be it medical, veterinary or any other field. Thus like Farady I profess and advocate experiments on use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but yes in my life I shall fore see a role of nanotechnology in Animal reproduction.

16. What is Nanotechnology:

Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus we will unveil gametes in minute details; ***** head colliding zona-pellucida shall be filmed. The radial blast of cortical reaction shall be known. All chemical messengers shall be unveiled at nano-level.

The shape of gamete, Zygote, embryo and foetal development at nanolevel shall bring forth new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information through use of computer languages, both hard and soft shall make this knowledge dispensable and useable at remote-corners of the Universe. Combing cognitive, mythical and mysterious happening within womb could be registered and translated via nano-ultra-sonography.

Thus futuristic view of nanotechnology will be nanographic follow of information and has been described ( Mordini, E, 2007).

Nanotechnology may allow us to send tiny nano microprocessors into the animal womb to send us signals which we wish to know for prevention of diseases. The stem-cell-germ-cell technology combine with Nanotechnology shall bring new hope and future for the propapagation of Gene-technology-ETT- A-I Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an “egg” – thus proving the “God Word in Quran of creating the Chirst through mystic spirit. This and other convergence of known reproductive technologies are challenge to us in future

Nanaoparticels developed can be agents which would use blood and carry durgs for curing disease at molecular levels. Thus a new mechanism of targeting infective agents of smaller dimension could be a possibility.

17. Stem-cell-Technology:

Stem- cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stages have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type, which could be used to repair or regenerate new desired cells. This advanced cell research may help diseased people like those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s disease syndrome, Parkinsons disease and even paralysis.

The stem cells are derived from 4-5 day old embryos or fertilized cells. The stem-cell-technology has a new role to play in Animal reproduction.

Firstly, the stem-cell source could be pooled out of slaughter-house oocytes or from the vast pool of embryos hatching out in many animal species.

Secondly, the cell source could be obtained from foetal culture and if new-grown-immunoprotectant cell of foetus could help or provide germ-cell specific to any particular organ, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.

By Marie Mead

The holidays are upon us once again. And as the festive lights, glowing menorahs, and savory aromas soothe our spirits and bring out our annual idealism, we find ourselves pondering one of the burning questions of the season: Should Santa bring Junior a shiny new bike…or that puppy he’s been asking for? Too many people use the holidays as an opportunity to impulse-adopt pets. And it’s rarely a good idea.

A new pet may seem like an exciting addition to holiday merrymaking. After all, during the season of giving, who wouldn’t want to share the love with a new kitten, puppy, or bunny? But what seems like a sweet idea on the surface is not always in the best interest of the animal. Pets aren’t toys, they shouldn’t be considered disposable, and frankly, they just aren’t for everyone. 

There are several critical facts many people tend to overlook in their eagerness to get that perfect Christmas, Hanukkah, or Kwanzaa snapshot of the kids frolicking with their new furry friend:

• You can’t just take a pet back to the “return” counter because it doesn’t fit your family. Adopting a dog, a cat, or any other creature is (or should be) a lifelong commitment. Not only are our animal companions dependent on us to ensure their safety and wellbeing, they are also thinking and feeling beings with some basic emotional and mental needs similar to ours. It’s irresponsible—and let’s face it, cruel—to bring an animal home, play with it for a few days, and then abandon him or her to an animal shelter or (almost as bad) a lonely pen in the backyard. Yet people do this all the time!

Think carefully about whether you are really ready to provide a safe, secure, loving home for an animal. If you aren’t certain the answer is yes, hold off for a while. Consider what abandonment of an animal teaches children. Research the species and breed ahead of time to ensure a good family match.

• Cute as they may look together, kids and pets don’t always mix. Another drawback to the “kitten in the Christmas stocking” idea is that some kids just aren’t ready for pets. Younger children, especially those who’ve never been exposed to animals, are usually too rough and exuberant to care properly for a pet. Inadvertently hurting or scaring the new animal may result in bites or scratches. Add in the fact that kids tend to become overexcited, overactive, and overtired by holiday activities and you can see why it’s best to think twice.

Don’t get me wrong: Bringing the right pet into a home is a wonderful learning experience for children. It can teach responsibility and nurture compassion. But approach the decision with plenty of research and careful consideration. Make it clear that the animal is not a plaything. Instead, model behaviors that show that the animal is a valued member of the family, one to be treated with love and respect.

• The hectic nature of the holidays can be counterproductive to adjustment. Integrating a new pet into your household requires a certain amount of scheduling and a calm environment. The holidays tend to be a hectic time with highly disrupted routines. Animals brought into such situations can become stressed, sometimes even to the point of illness or aggression. They need relatively quiet and gentle surroundings in order to settle into an unfamiliar home and bond with new people.

If you can’t maintain a calm, predictable schedule, wait until after things settle down in the new year before you adopt a pet. Your family will have plenty of time to get to know the new animal and enjoy spending time with him or her. But if you do decide to adopt during the holidays, make sure to take safety precautions so that holiday decorations and lights are not chewed or ingested.

If and when you do bring home a new companion animal, provide lots of calm attention to help him feel relaxed, safe, and loved. Take time to observe the new family member, finding out what triggers fright or delight. As you take this quiet time, you may find yourself relaxing in his or her presence—animals know how to be, something most humans struggle to learn.

Remember that while your intentions are good, you have to think first about what is best for any animals you may potentially adopt. A pet during the holidays can be a wonderful and mutually beneficial gift for the whole family. Just be smart about it and make thoughtful preparations first. Or pick a calmer time of the year to bring a pet into your lives. Your new furry companion will thank you, and your family will find it more enjoyable as well!

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About the Authors:

MARIE MEAD’S love of animals and respect for nature have shaped her life, spurring her interest in ecology, animal ethics, and alternative healing. For more than twenty years, she has been involved in various capacities with animal rescue, advocacy, and education. Within the last decade, Marie has become an expert in hands-on care of rabbits and has shared this knowledge through consultations and writing. She provides both permanent and foster havens for abused and neglected companion animals, including rabbits, many of whom have special needs. Her property also offers safe passage and sanctuary for many wild creatures. Visit Marie at www.celebratingrabbits.com.

Collaborator NANCY LAROCHE has been involved with rabbit rescue since 1991. She is the founder and co-manager of the Colorado House Rabbit Society where she oversees the operation of a large shelter, provides training in rabbit care, and works with law enforcement on abuse cases. Her writings have appeared in Fur & Feather and Rabbits U.S.A. Nancy and her partner, Earl, share their home with rabbits, a cat, and two dogs. 

About the Book:

Rabbits: Gentle Hearts, Valiant Spirits—Inspirational Stories of Rescue, Triumph, and Joy (Nova Maris Press, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-9786226-0-2, $18.95) is available in bookstores nationwide, from all major online booksellers, or at www.celebratingrabbits.com.

I was out on a steenbras hunt with Mark Jackson.

I had carefully tracked the weather and probable position of thermoclines was good as per my model. Alarm bells were ringing in my left brain claiming it’s time to go right now, the window of opportunity would soon close as there was a fresh westerly blowing that would essentially zero success if we waited a few more hours. No sooner had we entered the water and the click and squeak parade arrived. Bottlenose Dolphins.Delighted by their presence I sat silently on the bottom gazing at the mixed pod of juvenile and adult dolphins. I essentially wrote off getting a steenbras with these big predators cruising about. Especially after the recent newspaper article in which a paddle-skier claimed that a bottlenose dolphin had displayed a musselcracker it caught and seemingly offered the fish to him. 

Anyway, Mark was already pulling anchor as he saw no likelihood of getting success with the present company. I decided to try one last spot, the dolphins had just left and I checked my land marks and landed within a 2 m radius of where I wanted to be. I quietly settled on the bottom and gazed off to the east while partially tucked behind a hollow sandstone ridge under which was a small cave that sometimes produced tasslefish (baardman). Nothing doing – I could hear the outboard engine starting up in the distance as Mark prepared to pick me up. I decided to look for a tassle and pushed back on the sand and looked into the cave – what’s this?!

A large silver glow revealed a steenbras within – most unusual – the dolphins had spooked it and it took temporary refuge in the cave. I backed up the 1.1 m gun which was still pointing out over the ridge and managed to swiftly move back myself to get in a position to attempt a shot. The fish started to move but I was faster and lined the fish up with a very irregular angled shot. The shot was solid and I extracted the white steenbras – I was very surprised as these fish seldom enter caves. Mark was equally surprised at this success. I have seen more than my share of fine-sized white steenbras but only on one other occasion had I seen one in a cave – that was on the wreckage just north of the Queen Victoria’s wreck off North End, Port Elizabeth.

Anyway thanks to the dolphins on this day I got a really unexpected 16 kgs white steenbras. There is a picture of such a fish on my blog site at http://southafricaspearfishing.blogspot.com/2008/09/more-on-dolphins-spearo-assitants.html